The Versa-Pac range of transformers is one of the many products offered from Eaton. Versa-Pac is suitable for a maximum switching frequency of 500 kHz and power levels up to 30 W, for single ended topologies, or 70 W for bipolar applications.
The VP series was designed, primarily, for low voltage applications typically 3.3 V, 5 V and 12 V. With the addition of the VPH products to the range the Versa-Pac can now be used for 24 V, 48 V and, at higher frequencies, even 120 V applications.
Each transformer has six identical windings that can be configured in series and parallel to produce the required transformer design, the isolation between these windings is 500 Vdc.
In order to design a forward converter, also known as forward-mode, transformer using the Versa-Pac the following information is required:
For the purpose of our example let’s take the following values:
Vo = 3.3 V, Io = 5 A, Vin(min) = 40 V, Vin(nom)=48 V, Vin(max) = 56 V, and Fs = 250 kHz
Using the information in Figure 1 for Unipolar (Flyback) Power vs. Frequency from the data sheet select the required Versa-Pac size by reading off your required output power and operating frequency. At 250 kHz and 16.5 W this gives a VP5 size.
Figure 1.
Unipolar (Flyback) Power vs Frequency graph
Although the data used in the Power vs. Frequency curve was derived using a flyback topology, as a guide to Versa-Pac size requirements, it still holds true for unipolar forward converters. Calculate the turns ratio for a duty cycle (D) of 0.25 using the equation;
Vo/Vin(nom) = D x Nsec/Npri (1)
Where Nsec is the number of secondary windings and Npri is the number of primary windings, Npri/Nsec is the turns ratio which must be rounded to the nearest achievable value (i.e. 0.5, 0.667, 1, 1.5, 2, 3 etc).
3.3/48 = Nsec/Npri x (0.25)
Npri/Nsec = (48x0.25)/3.3 = 3.6
Rounding down, Npri/Nsec = 3
Vin(nom) and 0.25 duty cycle are used only as a starting point, it is possible that using Vin(min) with lower or high duty cycles you may achieve a more suitable turns ratio. Note: Maximum duty cycle for most unipolar forward converters is 0.5.
Calculate the maximum duty cycle for Vin(min) using equation 1 and the calculated turns ratio rounded up or down to the nearest achievable value.
3.3/40 = 1/3 x (D)
(3.3 x 3)/40 = D
D(max) = 0.2475
Calculate the primary volt-seconds product using the following equation:
Primary Vs = D(max) x Ts x Vin(min) (2)
Where Ts = 1/Fs
This value should be less than the rated primary Volt-μsec, if the primary uses one winding the rated Volt-μsec is the same as Volt- μsec(Base). If the primary is two windings in series then the rating is then 2 x Volt-μsec(Base) and for 3 series windings 3 x Volt-μsec(Base) etc. If the Volt-μsec rating can not be achieved using the selected Versa-Pac size then you will need to select a larger size or increase the switching frequency.
Primary Vs = 0.2475 x 1/250x103 x 40 = 39.6 Vμsec
The VP5 has a Volt-μsec(Base) of 65.6 Vμsec, multiplying this by 3 gives a rating of 196.8 Vμsec. So the VP5 easily meets the voltseconds requirements.
If the required volt-seconds rating can’t be achieved you can reduce the required rating by increasing the switching frequency. Alternatively you can recalculate the turns ratio using Vin(min) as this may increase the number of series primary windings.
Starting with the highest inductance value for the selected VP, calculating the rms primary currents we can determine if the selected Versa-Pac meets the specified requirements. In order to calculate the rms primary current you first need to calculate the peak current.
Ipri(peak) = Nsec/Npri x (Io + ΔIo/2) + Imag(peak) (3)
Where:
Imag(peak) = (Vin(min) x Ts x D(max))/Lpri (4)
Primary rms current:
Ipri(rms) = (D(max) x (Ipri(avg-pk))2)0.5 (5)
Where:
Ipri(avg-pk) = (Ipri(peak) + (Ipri(peak) - Imag(peak)))/2 (6)
Assuming ΔIo is set to 10% of Io max, which is achieved by selection of the correct output inductor value. Using a VP5-1200, the L(base) is 76.8 μH therefore:
Imag(peak) = (40 x 1/250x103 x 0.248)/32 x 76.8 x10-6= 0.0574 A
Ipri(peak) = 1/3 x (5 + (0.5/2) + 0.0574 = 1.81 A
Ipri(avg-pk) = (1.81 + (1.81 – 0.0574))/2 = 1.78 A
Ipri(rms) = (0.248 x 1.782)0.5 = 0.89 A
The rms current rating, Irms(base), for the VP5-1200 is 2.08A
Finally, calculate the maximum rms secondary current,
Isec(rms) = (D(max) x (Io + Isec(peak)/2)2)0.5 (7)
Where, referring to equation 3:
Isec(peak) = Ipri(peak) x Npri/Nsec (8)
Isec(peak) = 1.81 x 3 = 5.43 A
Isec(rms) = (0.248 x ((5 + 5.43)/2)2)0.5 = 2.6 A
The rms current rating, Irms(base), for the VP5-1200 is 2.08A. In order to achieve the required rms current rating at least two parallel windings must be used to make up the secondary. For improved efficiency it would be normal practice to use both the spare windings and have a secondary made up of three parallel windings.
Figure 2.
Transformer rest using auxiliary primary winding
Figure 3.
Transformer rest using RCD network
Using an RCD reset network has a number of advantages, it reduces the voltage stress on the switch, it limits turn off voltage spike and permits operation at greater than 50% duty cycle.
Figure 4 shows a reset method for a dual switch topology, this method allows the primary winding to operate in flyback mode with the current flowing through the two recovery diodes. This technique is similar to that shown in Figure 2, the advantages of this topology include reduced voltage rating requirement for the switches and no requirement for an auxiliary primary winding.
Figure 4.
Transformer rest using dual switch topology
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